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Apricot
The exact origin of the apricot is unknown because of its wide cultivation that dates back to prehistoric periods. Archaeologists suggest that it may be native to northern and western China, Central Asia, Japan and Korea (2),(11). Their first cultivation in China dates back to 3000 BC (4). It is often thought to be a native fruit of Armenia because was cultivated there as well for many centuries. It was introduced to Greece by Alexander the Great and Lucullus, a Roman General, who exported their trees from Armenia to Europe around 100 BC. The widespread cultivation of the fruit during this time led to the confusion over their exact origin. Persians also cultivated them for many years, with the dried fruit being an especially important commodity for the Persian economy. Today they are most often consumed in a dried, preserved form. Since the growing season is very short, the fresh fruit are usually not readily available in supermarkets. In 2005, Turkey was the leading producer followed by Iran, Italy, Pakistan, France, Algeria, Spain, Japan, Morocco, and Syria (3),(9). Nowadays, they have become increasingly popular in Iran and Egypt. The season for ripe fruit in Egypt is very short so Egyptians usually dry them and store them or sweeten them with sugar and use them to make drinks. The production of the fruit in the United States is somewhat low and is cultivated from seeds that were brought into the United States by Spanish travelers. Their main production in the United States takes place in California, Washington, and Utah (1). Vitamins, Minerals and Phytochemical Components They contain vitamins A, alpha carotene, beta carotene, beta cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C, E, K, B6, B12, niacin, thiamin, ribloflavin, folate, and pantothenic acid. They also contain minerals such as iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium as well as dietary fiber. Medicinal Uses Based on Scientific Studies The seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides in high concentrations. Cyanogenic glycosides are sugars bound to cyanogen (CN2) that can be found in the seeds of most stone fruits, leaves, and bark. The cyanogen component of the seeds is a toxic, colorless gas that has a distinct odor and was used quite often during chemical warfare. Since the seeds are not normally consumed by individuals they do not pose a threat to humans. The use of the seeds to treat cancer dates back to the year 502. Their oil was also used in England during the 17th century to treat ulcers and tumors. Laetrile, also known as amygdalin, is a substance that can be extracted from the pits of fruits like papayas and apricots. In some countries laetrile has been used as an antineoplastic (anticarcinogenic) drug to treat cancer. To date, unfortunately, clinical trials that involved laetrile did not produce any significant results (10). In 1980, the National Cancer Institute in the United States declared laetrile to be an ineffective treatment for cancer (5). A compound extracted from a Japanese variety called MK615 has been shown to have anti-tumor activity against human pancreatic cancer cells, colon cancer cells and liver cancer cells in laboratory studies6, (7),(8). So look out for the possibility of some powerful anti-cancer drugs being developed from Japanese fruit. Europeans have used them as an aphrodisiac for many years. William Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” even refers to the apricot and a natural aphrodisiac, while John Webster’s book “The Duchess of Malfi” suggests that consuming apricots can induce childbirth. References 1. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. (2008) Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/fruits/apricots/ 2. Flora of China. (2008) Armeniaca Vulgaris. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010636 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2007) FAO Statistics. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://faostat.fao.org/ 4. Huxley A, Griffiths M, Levy M. (1992) New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan, 1:203-205. 5. La2- Tri-County Farm-Fresh Produce Guide. (2008) The Apricot. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.tricountyfarm.org/oregon_apricots.asp 6. Mori S, Sawada T, Okada T, Ohsawa T, Adachi M, Keiichi K. (2007) New anti-proliferative agent, MK615, from Japanese apricot "Prunus mume" induces striking autophagy in colon cancer cells in vitro. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(48):6512-7. 7. Okada T, Sawada T, Osawa T, Adachi M, Kubota K. (2008) MK615 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth by dual inhibition of Aurora A and B kinases. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(9):1378-82. 8. Okada T, Sawada T, Osawa T, Adachi M, Kubota K. (2007) A novel anti-cancer substance, MK615, from ume, a variety of Japanese apricot, inhibits growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing Aurora A kinase activity. Hepatogastroenterology. 54(78):1770-4. 9. Olgun A, Adanacioglu H. (2006) Production and Marketing of Organic Dried Apricot and the Tendencies of Apricot Producers for the Future in Turkey: Case Study of Malatya. Acta Horticulturae, 717:271-280. 10. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2008) Glossary of Terms: Laetrile. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.mdanderson.org/patients_public/about_cancer/display.cfm?id=33540 ba-72df-11d4-aebd00508bdcce3a&method=displayfull 11. Zhong G, Hua J. (1993) China floral encyclopedia. China Fiency Publishing.
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